Avermectins and Their Derivatives: Recent Advances in Biosynthesis and Application

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Microbiology
• Parasitology

Background:

• Avermectins (AVMs) are highly effective nematicides, insecticides, and acaricides used widely in agriculture, veterinary medicine, and human health.
• Increased demand for AVMs and their derivatives is driven by their cost-effectiveness and broad-spectrum activity.
• Unique structures necessitate ongoing research into production enhancement and analogue development.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review recent advancements in avermectin biosynthesis and applications.
• To explore avermectin metabolism and bioregulation in *Streptomyces avermitilis*.
• To focus on novel avermectin derivatives, their structure, toxicology, and production.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of recent studies on avermectin biosynthesis and applications.
• Analysis of avermectin metabolism and bioregulation pathways in *Streptomyces avermitilis*.
• Review of structural, toxicological, and production data for avermectin derivatives.

Main Results:

• Recent strategies have focused on enhancing avermectin bioproduction and developing new analogues.
• Understanding avermectin metabolism in *Streptomyces avermitilis* is key to improving yields.
• New avermectin derivatives show promise with improved efficacy and safety profiles.

Conclusions:

• Continued research into avermectin biosynthesis and derivative development is vital for meeting global demand.
• Optimized production strategies and novel analogues will expand applications in crop protection and medicine.
• Avermectins and their derivatives remain indispensable tools against a wide range of parasites.