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Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
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IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Light Acquisition02:16

Light Acquisition

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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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GIS Software, Hardware, and Sources of GIS Data01:23

GIS Software, Hardware, and Sources of GIS Data

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A Geographic Information System (GIS) combines specialized software and hardware to effectively manage, analyze, and present spatial and related data. GIS software includes critical functionalities such as a user interface for easy navigation, database management tools for handling spatial and attribute data, and data retrieval features for efficient access. Analytical tools transform raw data into insights, while display functions produce maps and reports in various formats for effective...
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IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0%...
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Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Applying Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging to Investigate the Palettes and the Techniques of Painters
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Applying Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging to Investigate the Palettes and the Techniques of Painters

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A hyperspectral open-source imager (HOSI).

Jolyon Troscianko1

  • 1Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK. jt@jolyon.co.uk.

BMC Biology
|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new hyperspectral open-source imager (HOSI) offers a low-cost solution for measuring light environments. This portable device is sensitive to low light levels and captures detailed spectral and spatial data, crucial for understanding artificial light at night (ALAN) impacts.

Keywords:
Artificial light at nightEcologyEnvironmental optical physicsHyperspectral imagingLight environmentSpectral imagingSpectro-radiometry

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Area of Science:

  • Optical physics and remote sensing
  • Ecology and animal behavior
  • Environmental science

Background:

  • Light's spatial and spectral properties are vital for animal behavior, ecology, and evolution.
  • Quantifying light is essential across diverse fields like agriculture, psychophysics, and materials science.
  • Artificial light at night (ALAN) poses challenges for measuring light pollution's visual impact, requiring sensitive, wide-ranging measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an innovative, low-cost, and portable hyperspectral imager.
  • To meet the demanding requirements for measuring artificial light at night (ALAN).
  • To provide a tool for research in light pollution and its ecological effects.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Hamamatsu C12880MA micro spectrometer for single-point measurements.
  • Integrated a motorized gimbal for precise spatial control.
  • Employed off-the-shelf components and 3D printing for cost-effectiveness (approx. £350).

Main Results:

  • Developed a hyperspectral open-source imager (HOSI) capable of full-field hyperspectral data collection.
  • Achieved sensitivity to low light levels (~0.001 cd.m⁻²), covering 320-880 nm with ~9 nm spectral resolution.
  • Captured panoramic hyperspectral images with high dynamic range (>50,000:1) and spatial resolution (~2 cycles/degree).

Conclusions:

  • The HOSI system is adaptable, cost-effective, and open-source.
  • It serves as a valuable tool for studying light, environment, behavior, ecology, and biodiversity.
  • Potential applications extend to various other scientific and industrial fields.