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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs01:02

Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs

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Prescription drugs require a prescription from a medical practitioner and can only be obtained from a pharmacy. They have many applications, including treating pain, anxiety, and hypertension.
The misuse and addiction to prescription drugs is a growing problem that can affect people of all age groups, specifically teenagers. This can happen when prescription medications are used in ways not intended by the prescriber, such as taking someone else's prescription or using medication for...
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Drug Nomenclature01:17

Drug Nomenclature

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During the development of a new pharmaceutical, the manufacturer initially assigns a code name to the drug. Once approved, the drug receives a United States Adopted Name (USAN)—a generic, nonproprietary designation. Upon being listed in the United States Pharmacopeia, this nonproprietary name becomes the drug's official name. Additionally, the manufacturer assigns a proprietary name or trademark, which serves as the brand name under which the drug is marketed. It is worth noting that...
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Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacokinetics01:11

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacokinetics

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All neuromuscular blocking agents are injected intravenously because they are poorly absorbed from the GI tract. Rapid onset is achieved with intravenous administration, although absorption is also adequate from an intramuscular injection. Since these agents are highly ionized, they do not readily penetrate cell membranes or cross the blood-brain barrier.
Instead, they are transported by the blood to different tissues. Muscles with a greater blood supply (arteries) and blood flow receive more...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Orthotopic Kidney Auto-Transplantation in a Porcine Model Using 24 Hours Organ Preservation And Continuous Telemetry
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Orthotopic Kidney Auto-Transplantation in a Porcine Model Using 24 Hours Organ Preservation And Continuous Telemetry

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Insurance coverage and consistent pricing is needed for over-the-counter naloxone.

Blake Fagan1, Delesha Carpenter2, Grace Marley3

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Physician, Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, North Carolina.

Journal of Opioid Management
|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Despite the 2023 approval of over-the-counter naloxone nasal spray, insurance coverage varies, hindering access. Universal insurance coverage and opioid settlement funds are proposed to ensure equitable access to this overdose reversal medication.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Public Health
  • Opioid Overdose Prevention

Background:

  • The 2023 FDA approval of the first over-the-counter naloxone nasal spray aimed to improve access and reduce costs.
  • Naloxone is a critical medication for reversing opioid overdoses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the real-world insurance coverage of naloxone nasal spray following its over-the-counter availability.
  • To identify barriers to equitable access to naloxone.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of insurance coverage during attempted purchases of naloxone nasal spray at local pharmacies.
  • Commentary on the implications of variable insurance coverage on medication access.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant variation in insurance coverage for naloxone nasal spray across different pharmacies.
  • Inconsistent coverage poses a barrier to accessing this life-saving overdose reversal medication.

Conclusions:

  • Federal policy mandating universal insurance coverage for at least one naloxone formulation is recommended.
  • Utilizing national opioid settlement funds can ensure equitable access to naloxone nasal spray.
  • Addressing insurance disparities is crucial to prevent overdose deaths.