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Updated: Jul 25, 2026
Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Published on: February 19, 2019
Transcranial electrical evoked muscle potentials for pediatric neurosurgery: scoping review of stimulation techniques
Axel Fudickar1, Kai Berndt2, Klaus Novak3
1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3/R3, 24105, Kiel, Germany. axel.fudickar@uksh.de.
Purpose:
The background of this scoping review is that pediatric neurosurgery in the vicinity of motor pathways is associated with the risk of motor tract damage. By measuring transcranial electrical evoked potentials in muscles (electromyogram) or from the spinal cord (epidural D-wave) functional disorders and impending damage can be detected during surgery and countermeasures can be initiated. The objective was to summarize stimulation techniques of transcranial electrical stimulation and the success rate of motor evoked potentials exclusively in children undergoing neurosurgery.
Methods:
The data source was a literature search for reports meeting the suitability criteria (original articles and case series including motor evoked potentials and pediatric neurosurgery).
Results:
Twenty-four articles meeting suitability criteria were retrieved. The most common primary electrode positions for electrical stimulation were at C3 vs. C4 and C1 vs. C2 according to the 10-20-system of EEG. Single trains of 1 to 9 pulses with voltages from 160 to 900 V and pulse durations from 50 to 500 µs were applied for voltage-controlled stimulation. Interstimulus intervals ranged from 0.1 to 9.9 ms. Signals were filtered with high-pass filters between 1.5 and 300 Hz and low-pass filters between 500 and 5000 Hz. The overall rate of successful stimulation and measurement was 90.5% (N = 769).
Conclusion:
A broad range of stimulation parameters was used for transcranial electrical evoked potentials. Measurable potentials were obtained in most patients. Consideration of safety precautions is an important implication to avoid adverse events by application of high voltage to the motor cortex.
