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Historical Redlining and Community-Reported Housing Quality: A Spatial Analysis.

Salvatore Milletich1, Andres Manrique2, Sonia Karsan3

  • 1Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Historical redlining, a discriminatory US housing policy, is linked to worse contemporary housing quality. Redlined neighborhoods face significantly higher rates of housing code violations, including hazardous ones.

Keywords:
Environmental justiceHousingRedliningSpatial analysisStructural racism

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Urban Planning
  • Public Health Policy

Background:

  • Historical redlining, a discriminatory US housing practice from the 1930s, has known environmental impacts.
  • Research on the link between historical redlining and current housing quality is limited.
  • Understanding this relationship is crucial for addressing the legacy of structural racism in urban environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between historical redlining and contemporary housing quality in Atlanta, Georgia.
  • To quantify the risk of housing code violation complaints in historically redlined areas.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed spatial patterns of 48,626 housing code violation complaints (2015-2019) using point-pattern and spatial cluster analyses.
  • Employed Bayesian hierarchical models to assess the relationship between historical redlining and housing complaints.
  • Adjusted for neighborhood characteristics including poverty, median structure age, property vacancy/rental status, and racial segregation.

Main Results:

  • Historically redlined neighborhoods showed a 167% increased risk of housing code complaints compared to 'best' or 'still desirable' areas.
  • A significant increase in 'hazardous' housing complaints was observed in redlined neighborhoods (1.94 times higher risk).
  • Spatial analysis confirmed disproportionately higher rates of housing code violations in historically redlined areas.

Conclusions:

  • Historical redlining is a significant predictor of poor contemporary housing quality, evidenced by higher housing code violation rates.
  • These findings highlight the persistent environmental injustice stemming from structural racism.
  • Spatial analysis of housing complaints can inform targeted interventions to mitigate the long-term impacts of redlining.