Germ cell tumors in children

Pediatric germ cell tumors represent a rare but biologically diverse group of neoplasms arising from pluripotent primordial germ cells. The 2022 edition of the WHO Classification of Pediatric Tumors introduced the first organ independent classification of germ cell tumors, reflecting advances in molecular biology, histopathology, and clinical practice. This review highlights the key changes, including the refined distinctions between the different subtypes. These updates enhance diagnostic accuracy and provide a framework for understanding age-dependent differences in tumor biology and behavior. Emphasis is placed on integrating the new classification into multidisciplinary care, particularly in addressing diagnostic challenges in pre- and post-pubertal-type germ cell tumors. By bridging the gap between histopathology and oncology, the updated classification represents a pivotal step forward in improving outcomes for children with germ cell tumors.