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Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Chemiluminescence-based Assays for Detection of Nitric Oxide and its Derivatives from Autoxidation and Nitrosated Compounds

Published on: February 16, 2022

Small molecule probes for peroxynitrite detection.

Aleksandra Grzelakowska^1,2, Balaraman Kalyanaraman¹, Jacek Zielonka¹

¹Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.

Redox Biochemistry and Chemistry

|January 9, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Detecting peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻/ONOOH), a key cellular oxidant, is crucial for understanding biological processes. Boronate-based chemical probes offer a recommended, selective, and rapid method for ONOO⁻ detection in various systems.

Keywords:

bioluminescence biomarkers chromatography fluorescence molecular probes peroxynitrite

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Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

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Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Published on: June 18, 2012

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Chemical Biology
Cellular Biology

Background:

Peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻/ONOOH) is a reactive nitrogen species formed from nitric oxide and superoxide.
It acts as a significant cellular oxidant implicated in various pathophysiological conditions.
Accurate detection of peroxynitrite is vital for elucidating its biological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and compare different methodologies for detecting peroxynitrite.
To highlight the advantages of small-molecule chemical probes for peroxynitrite detection.
To provide practical guidance for using boronate-based probes in biological systems.

Main Methods:

Review of chemical principles and reaction mechanisms of peroxynitrite detection probes.
Emphasis on small-molecule chemical probes, particularly boronate-based ones.
Discussion of probe limitations and experimental protocols for cell-free, cellular, and in vivo systems.

Main Results:

Boronate-based chemical probes are recommended for peroxynitrite detection due to their direct, rapid reaction.
These probes yield specific products with well-characterized kinetics and mechanisms.
The review provides detailed experimental protocols for diverse detection scenarios.

Conclusions:

Boronate-based probes represent a superior choice for selective and sensitive peroxynitrite detection.
Understanding peroxynitrite's role in disease requires reliable detection methods.
The provided protocols facilitate the application of these probes in research settings.