Finite element analysis and its application in Orthopaedics: A narrative review

Orthopedic surgery and traumatology necessitate cost-effective approaches that can be replicated across multiple venues. Finite Element (FE) simulation models have evolved as a solution, allowing for consistent investigations into biomechanical systems. Finite Element Analysis (FEA), which began in the 1950s aviation industry, has since expanded into orthopedics. Its progress, fueled by improved computing, has a significant impact on orthopedic surgery, helping to understand biomechanics and post-implantation responses. The use of FEA has increased in recent decades, demonstrating its critical importance in modern orthopedic research. Methodologies for FEA include both generic and patient-specific approaches, each customized to individual needs. FEA goes through three stages: preprocessing, solution, and postprocessing, all of which require exact material property assignment and boundary conditions. Pathophysiology, orthopedic biomechanics, implant design, fracture fixation, bracing, and preoperative planning are all applications of FEA, which has revolutionized surgical methods. However, FEA has drawbacks such as oversimplification, processing needs, and validation issues. Future FEA advances aim to improve model accuracy, add active muscle simulation, and standardize procedures, resulting in significant advancements in orthopedic research and treatment planning.