α-catenin phosphorylation is elevated during mitosis to resist apical rounding and epithelial barrier leak

Epithelial cell cohesion and barrier function critically depend on α-catenin, an actin-binding protein and essential constituent of cadherin-catenin-based adherens junctions. α-catenin undergoes actomyosin force-dependent unfolding of both actin-binding and middle domains to strongly engage actin filaments and its various effectors; this mechanosensitivity is critical for adherens junction function. We previously showed that α-catenin is highly phosphorylated in an unstructured region that links the mechanosensitive middle and actin-binding domains (known as the P-linker region), but the cellular processes that promote α-catenin phosphorylation have remained elusive. Here, we leverage a previously published phospho-proteomic data set to show that the α-catenin P-linker region is maximally phosphorylated during mitosis. By reconstituting α-catenin CRISPR knockout MDCK cells with wild-type, phospho-mutant and phospho-mimic forms of α-catenin, we show that full phosphorylation restrains mitotic cell rounding in the apical direction, strengthening the interactions between dividing and non-dividing neighbors to limit epithelial barrier leak. As the major scaffold components of adherens junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes are also differentially phosphorylated during mitosis, we reason that epithelial cell division may be a tractable system to understand how junction complexes are coordinately regulated to sustain barrier function under tension-generating morphogenetic processes.