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Updated: May 7, 2026

Manufacture of Concentrated, Lipid-based Oxygen Microbubble Emulsions by High Shear Homogenization and Serial Concentration
Published on: May 26, 2014
Permanent Nanobubbles in Water: Liquefied Hollow Carbon Spheres Break the Limiting Diffusion Current of Oxygen
Debabrata Moitra1, Arvind Ganesan2, Fan Wang1
1Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.
Abstract:
Porous liquids have traditionally been designed with sterically hindered solvents. Alternatively, recent efforts rely on dispersing microporous frameworks in simpler solvents like water. Here we report a unique strategy to construct macroporous water by selectively incorporating hydrophilicity on the surfaces of hydrophobic hollow carbon spheres (HCS). Specifically, we show that the stable dispersion surface ionized HCS in water while retaining the inherent porosity. The electrocatalytic conversion of small gas molecules in aqueous electrolytes is limited by the concentration and diffusion rates of gas molecules in water. In this case, macroporous water exhibited 6 times gas uptake compared to nonporous (pure) water. By leveraging the high gas capacity and enhanced diffusion kinetics, the limiting diffusion current of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in macroporous water is 2 times that in nonporous water, offering promising prospects for sustainable energy conversion technologies.
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