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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions01:20

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect various areas...

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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example
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Predictive Methods and Probabilistic Mapping of Subcortical Brain Components in Fossil Carnivora.

Emily Baer1, Phuoc D Nguyen1, Stefan Lilly1

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA.

The Journal of Comparative Neurology
|January 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paleoneurology uses fossils and modern species to study nervous system evolution. This study developed predictive models for fossil carnivore brains using MRI and 3D scanning, improving our understanding of extinct species.

Keywords:
Carnivorabrainevolutionfossilspredictionprobabilisticsimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoneurology
  • Comparative Neuroanatomy
  • Mammalian Evolution

Background:

  • Paleoneurology reconstructs nervous system evolution using fossil and extant species data.
  • Fossil data limitations (availability, quality) constrain phylogenetic insights.
  • Understanding brain evolution in Carnivora (Carnivora) is challenged by limited fossil evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To infer brain structure in fossil Carnivora by translating brain component relationships from extant species.
  • To develop predictive models for estimating fossil brain component sizes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on extant canids and felids.
  • Employed 3D laser scanning on fossil Carnivora specimens spanning 40 million years.
  • Derived predictive equations for cortical (gray matter mass, cortical thickness, gyrification index) and subcortical structures (caudate nucleus, putamen, external globus pallidus mass).

Main Results:

  • Regression models demonstrated moderate to high predictability for subcortical masses in fossil Carnivora.
  • Exploratory probabilistic mapping allowed reasonable prediction of 3D subcortical morphospace for fossil endocasts.
  • Identified allometric departures and established adult species ranges in brain component size for fossil species.

Conclusions:

  • The integrative approach successfully estimated brain component sizes in fossil Carnivora.
  • This methodology provides a framework for integrating neurobiology and paleontology for understudied fossil groups.
  • Facilitates dialogue between neurobiologists and paleoneurologists studying mammalian nervous system evolution.