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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Published on: June 19, 2011

Bugs take the sting out.

Arren J Liu¹, Jonathan B Lynch¹

¹Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe

|January 9, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored the gut microbiota

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience and Microbiology
Investigating the gut-brain axis in chronic pain conditions.

Background:

Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a debilitating chronic pain condition.
PHN arises from reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus.
The role of the gut microbiota in PHN pathogenesis is largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between gut microbiota composition and PHN.
To identify specific microbial species that may influence pain sensitivity in PHN patients.

Main Methods:

Analysis of gut microbiota composition in patients with postherpetic neuralgia.
Correlation of microbial alterations with clinical pain sensitivity assessments.

Main Results:

Significant alterations in the gut microbiome were observed in PHN patients compared to controls.
The study identified a specific bacterium, Roseburia intestinalis, as a key mediator.
Roseburia intestinalis, a butyrate producer, was linked to increased pain sensitivity via the gut-brain axis.

Conclusions:

Gut microbiota alterations are implicated in the pathophysiology of postherpetic neuralgia.
Roseburia intestinalis may represent a therapeutic target for managing PHN pain.
This research highlights the importance of the gut-brain axis in chronic pain modulation.