The environmental impact of inhalers: a framework for sustainable prescription practices in Spain

The healthcare sector contributes significantly to global greenhouse emissions, with inhalers being major contributors.

To develop a framework for reducing the environmental footprint of inhalers in Spain by implementing greener prescription practices.

A multidisciplinary working group was formed, including hospital pharmacists, pulmonologists, and environmental experts. We created a comprehensive database on the environmental impact of inhalers marketed in Spain, incorporating product specifications and environmental data from the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices and pharmaceutical companies. We developed a decision-making algorithm integrating clinical and environmental criteria and performed scenario projections to estimate potential benefits of transitioning from pressurised metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) to dry powder inhalers (DPIs) and other eco-friendly alternatives. Scenarios included global and individual projections, as well as comparisons between sustainable prescriptions and waste-management strategies.

The national database revealed significant variability in the carbon footprint across inhaler types, with pMDIs showing the highest emissions. A shift of 10% from pMDIs to DPIs could reduce CO₂ emissions by approximately 40 000 tonnes/year, and a 50% shift by up to 200 000 tonnes. The decision-making algorithm effectively combined clinical and environmental considerations, facilitating the selection of more sustainable inhalers.

The study highlights the importance of incorporating environmental criteria into inhaler prescribing choices to reduce healthcare's carbon footprint. Transitioning from pMDIs to DPIs when clinically indicated offers considerable environmental benefits without compromising patient health. The developed decision-making algorithm provides a practical tool for healthcare professionals, balancing clinical efficacy with sustainability. Future research should refine these practices and explore their application in other medical devices.