Recent advancements in the therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease treatment: current and future perspective

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, incurable neurological condition characterized by cognitive decline, cholinergic neuron reduction, and neuronal loss. Its exact pathology remains uncertain, but multiple treatment hypotheses have emerged. The current treatments, single or combined, alleviate only symptoms and struggle to manage AD due to its multifaceted pathology. The developmental drugs target pivotal disease factors involved in the envisaged hypotheses and include targets such as amyloid aggregation, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and receptors like cholinergic, adrenergic, etc. Present-day research focuses on multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs), which inhibit multiple factors simultaneously, helping slow the disease's progression. This review attempts to collate the recent information related to proposed hypotheses for AD etiology. It systematically organizes the advances in various therapeutic options for AD, with a particular emphasis on clinical candidates. Also, it is expected to help medicinal chemists design novel AD treatments based on available information, which could be helpful to AD patients.