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Related Concept Videos

Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

2.4K
Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
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Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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Sound Waves01:01

Sound Waves

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Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium's particles vibrate along its direction of motion, the waves can be modeled as the displacement of the medium's particles from their mean position.
Sound waves are longitudinal in most fluids because fluids cannot sustain any lateral pressure. In solids, however, shear forces help in propagating the disturbance in the lateral direction as well....
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Travelling Waves01:04

Travelling Waves

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A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. Mechanical waves are governed by Newton's laws and require a medium to travel. A medium is a substance in which a mechanical wave propagates, and the medium produces an elastic restoring force when it is deformed.
Water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves. For water waves, the wave propagation medium is...
5.1K
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...
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Analyzing the Movement of the Nauplius 'Artemia salina' by Optical Tracking of Plasmonic Nanoparticles
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Exploring offshore particle motion soundscapes.

Ian T Jones1, S B Martin2, J L Miksis-Olds1

  • 1Center for Acoustics Research and Education, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03823, USA.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|January 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Underwater soundscapes require particle motion measurements for accurate near-field analysis, especially for fish sounds. Pressure measurements suffice for long-term offshore soundscape modeling.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine bioacoustics
  • Oceanography
  • Acoustics

Background:

  • Aquatic organisms use acoustic particle motion and sound pressure for hearing.
  • Underwater soundscape studies often omit particle motion, assuming it scales with pressure.
  • This pressure-particle motion relationship is unreliable at low frequencies and near boundaries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare particle motion and sound pressure measurements in offshore habitats.
  • To assess the predictability of sound levels using environmental indicators.
  • To determine the necessity of particle motion measurements in underwater soundscape studies.

Main Methods:

  • Deployed hydrophone arrays near the seafloor at six U.S. Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf sites.
  • Recorded particle motion and sound pressure.
  • Correlated sound levels with environmental data (wind, vessels, temperature, currents).

Main Results:

  • Unidentified fish sounds (100-750 Hz) exhibited 4.8–12.6 dB greater particle motion than predicted by pressure, indicating near-field reception.
  • Hydrodynamic flow noise (<100 Hz) showed excess particle motion at all sites.
  • Far-field sounds (vessels, mammals) had particle motion within ±3 dB of pressure predictions.

Conclusions:

  • Particle motion measurement is crucial for analyzing short-term, near-field underwater signals.
  • Sound pressure measurements are adequate for long-term, far-field offshore soundscape modeling.
  • Accurate underwater acoustic assessments require considering both pressure and particle motion.