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Unraveling Antimicrobial Resistance Dynamics in Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Insights Into Antibiotic and Disinfectant
Mohamed A Kamal1, Heba M Salem2, Rashed A Alhotan3
1Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Abstract:
A major risk to the poultry industry is antimicrobial resistance (AMR), specifically with regard to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections. The sensitivity patterns of 100 MG isolates to biocides and antibiotics were examined in this study to clarify the interactions between antimicrobial agents and resistance mechanisms. The antimicrobial activity against MG was assessed using broth microdilution, and the results are shown as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each strain, the MIC distribution (range), the MIC50, and/or the MIC90. The statistical associations between the MICs of the antibiotics and biocides were investigated using regression model analysis and correlation coefficients. The absence of a cell wall in MG inherently confers resistance to beta-lactams, thereby necessitating the utilization of enrofloxacin, difloxacin, flumequine, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, tylosin, tilmicosin, tylvalosin, erythromycin, spiramycin, tiamulin, lincomycin, spectinomycin and dihydrostreptomycin. These antibiotics exhibited MIC50 values of 0.5, 0.5, 0.12, 0.062, 0.12, 0.031, 0.016, 0.016, 0.062, 16, 1, 0.008, 2, 0.5 and 32, respectively. In addition to antibiotics, disinfectants have garnered attention for their contribution to the development of AMR in MG. Notably, formalin, phenol, NADES, Halamid, Virkon-S, MicroSet and SteriSet exhibited MIC50 values of 125, 500, 31.25, 15.63, 15.63, 7.81 and 62.5, respectively. Significant positive correlations and direct associations were identified between various biocides and the development of antibiotic resistance, with coefficients ranging from 0.098 to 1.176. This research highlights the intricate nature of resistance profiles in MG and underscores the necessity for a thorough understanding of antimicrobial interactions. This finding emphasizes the importance of managing emerging AMR stemming from disinfectant misuse in the poultry farms to prevent additional constraints on antibiotic treatment options.
Insights
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry is a major risk. This study found that disinfectant misuse is linked to antibiotic resistance in Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), complicating treatment options.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Microbiology
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research
- Poultry Health Management
Background:
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to the poultry industry, particularly concerning Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections.
- Understanding the interplay between antibiotics, biocides, and resistance mechanisms is crucial for effective disease control.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the sensitivity patterns of 100 MG isolates to various biocides and antibiotics.
- To analyze the statistical associations between antibiotic and biocide minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs).
- To clarify the role of disinfectants in the development of AMR in MG.
Main Methods:
- Broth microdilution was employed to determine the antimicrobial activity and MIC values for each MG strain.
- MIC distribution, MIC50, and MIC90 were calculated for tested antibiotics and biocides.
- Regression model analysis and correlation coefficients were used to assess statistical associations.
Main Results:
- MG exhibits inherent resistance to beta-lactams due to its cell wall deficiency, necessitating alternative antibiotics like enrofloxacin and doxycycline.
- Significant positive correlations were observed between the use of various biocides and the development of antibiotic resistance in MG.
- Specific biocides such as formalin, phenol, and NADES showed varying MIC50 values, indicating their antimicrobial spectrum against MG.
Conclusions:
- Disinfectant misuse in poultry farms contributes to the emergence of AMR in MG, limiting effective antibiotic treatment strategies.
- A comprehensive understanding of antimicrobial interactions is essential for managing AMR and preserving the efficacy of available treatments.
- Implementing judicious use of disinfectants is critical to mitigate the growing challenge of AMR in the poultry sector.
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