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Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Vitrification of In Vitro Matured Oocytes Collected from Adult and Prepubertal Ovaries in Sheep

Vitrification of In Vitro Matured Oocytes Collected from Adult and Prepubertal Ovaries in Sheep

Published on: July 10, 2021

Sperm vitrification in horses and donkeys.

¹Veterinary Reproduction Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Spain.

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

|January 10, 2025

Summary

Sperm vitrification using 0.25 mL straws offers a viable alternative to conventional freezing for horses and donkeys. This method maintains sperm quality and shows promising fertility outcomes in both species.

Area of Science:

Reproductive Biology
Cryopreservation Science

Background:

Sperm cryopreservation is crucial for equine and donkey breeding programs.
Conventional freezing methods can impact sperm viability and fertility.
Vitrification presents a potential alternative with rapid cooling and cryoprotectant agents.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of sperm vitrification as an alternative to conventional freezing in horses and donkeys.
To optimize vitrification protocols for equine and donkey sperm.
To assess the impact of vitrification on sperm quality and fertility.

Main Methods:

Sperm vitrification using 0.25 mL straws with outer covers.
Comparison of progressive motility post-vitrification versus conventional freezing.

Keywords:

Cryopreservation Equids Fertility Semen

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Modified MicroSecure Vitrification: A Safe, Simple and Highly Effective Cryopreservation Procedure for Human Blastocysts

Modified MicroSecure Vitrification: A Safe, Simple and Highly Effective Cryopreservation Procedure for Human Blastocysts

Published on: March 2, 2017

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Last Updated: Dec 23, 2025

Vitrification of In Vitro Matured Oocytes Collected from Adult and Prepubertal Ovaries in Sheep

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Published on: July 10, 2021

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Assessment of sperm fertilizing capacity through in vitro fertilization (IVF) in horses.

In vivo fertility trials using artificial insemination (AI) in donkeys.

Main Results:

Vitrification in 0.25 mL straws yielded comparable or improved progressive motility in horses and donkeys versus conventional freezing.
Vitrified horse sperm demonstrated fertilizing capacity in vitro, penetrating cattle oocytes.
Donkey fertility trials showed similar pregnancy rates for vitrified and frozen semen, with faster resolution of uterine inflammation post-AI with vitrified semen.

Conclusions:

Sperm vitrification using 0.25 mL straws with outer covers is an optimized and effective method for horses and donkeys.
Vitrification is a promising alternative to conventional sperm freezing, maintaining quality and fertility.
Further research may explore expanded applications of sperm vitrification in equid reproduction.