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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

276
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
276
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

719
Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
719
Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

194
Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more...
194
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

375
The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
375
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

309
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
309
Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport01:24

Cellular Membranes and Drug Transport

276
Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
276

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Understanding Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions in (Trans)Dermal Delivery.

Jasmine Musakhanian1, David W Osborne2

  • 1, Gattefossé, Paramus, New Jersey, USA. jasmine.musa@videotron.ca.

AAPS Pharmscitech
|January 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microemulsions and nanoemulsions are crucial for safe drug delivery across membranes. This review clarifies their distinctions and mechanisms for enhanced transdermal drug delivery, focusing on formulation components.

Keywords:
dermalformulationmechanismmicroemulsionnanoemulsiontransdermal

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microemulsions and nanoemulsions are significant pharmaceutical vehicles for drug delivery across biological membranes.
  • Their efficacy in mucosal and transdermal delivery is well-documented, often linked to dispersion size and solubilization capacity.
  • Existing literature lacks clear distinctions between microemulsions and nanoemulsions regarding definitions, behavior, and specific transdermal delivery mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide conceptual and practical distinctions between microemulsions and nanoemulsions for transdermal drug delivery.
  • To explore underlying mechanisms of action, including the role of composition and system constituents in microstructures.
  • To elucidate the effects of formulation components on skin structures and drug permeability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published literature on microemulsions and nanoemulsions for drug delivery.
  • Focus on formulation systems based on ternary diagrams.
  • Analysis of commonly used non-ionic surfactants, cosurfactants, cosolvents, and oils in pharmaceutical applications.

Main Results:

  • Identified a gap in understanding the specific differences and mechanisms of microemulsions versus nanoemulsions in transdermal delivery.
  • Highlighted the importance of factors beyond droplet size, such as mesostructures and the influence of cosolvent, oil, and water ratios.
  • Emphasized the role of composition and the competitive interactions of system constituents in determining formulation behavior and skin permeation.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of microemulsion and nanoemulsion systems is needed for optimized transdermal drug delivery.
  • Compositional factors and the resulting microstructures significantly influence drug permeability across the skin.
  • Further research into these less obvious mechanisms can lead to more effective drug formulation strategies.