TP53 mutations and MDM2 polymorphisms in breast and ovarian cancers: amelioration by drugs and natural compounds

Globally, breast and ovarian cancers are major health concerns in women and account for significantly high cancer-related mortality rates. Dysregulations and mutations in genes like TP53, BRCA1/2, KRAS and PTEN increase susceptibility towards cancer. Here, we discuss the impact of mutations in the key regulatory gene, TP53 and polymorphisms in its negative regulator MDM2 which are reported to accelerate cancer progression. Missense mutations, null mutations, transversions, transitions, and point mutations occurring in the TP53 gene can cause an increase in metastatic activity. This review discusses mutations occurring in exon regions of TP53, polymorphisms in MDM2 and their interaction with large ribosomal subunit protein (RPL) leading to cancer development. We also highlight the potential of small molecules e.g. p53 activators like XI-011, Tenovin-1, and Nutlin-3a for the treatment of breast and ovarian cancers. The therapeutic efficacy of natural compounds in amelioration of these two types of cancers is also discussed.