Volatile markers for unifloral safflower honey: An untargeted and targeted metabolomics analysis

The volatile markers and aroma properties of unifloral safflower honey in Xinjiang, China were identified for the authentication. An untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed to compare the volatile components in safflower honey with those in four other unifloral honey and the nectar plants of safflower honey through headspace solid-phase microextraction-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tentative markers, including benzaldehyde, longifolene, and cedrol, were comprehensively screened through variable importance in projection based on orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis, nectar origin volatile components analysis, and odor characteristics analysis. A targeted quantitative analysis of potential volatile compound contents within safflower honey between 2021 and 2023 provided valuable evidence for differentiating safflower honey and other honey. Furthermore, bacterial inhibition tests showed that safflower honey exhibits inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, with efficacy comparable to control. The reliable volatile markers, longifolene, and cedrol, enhance safflower honey's antibacterial effect.