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Coastal eutrophication transforms shallow micro-benthic reef communities.

Elsa B Girard1, Andi M A Pratama2, Laura Del Rio-Hortega3

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Summary

Eutrophication impacts coral reefs, with micro-benthic communities like foraminifera and diatoms being sensitive indicators of turbidity. Reef flats are more affected than reef slopes, highlighting their role in early reef degradation detection.

Keywords:
Coral reefDiatomsLarge benthic foraminiferaProkaryotesTurbidity

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Ecology
  • Environmental Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Coastal eutrophication globally degrades coral reefs, reducing coral cover and promoting algal blooms.
  • Micro-benthic communities are significantly affected by eutrophication, yet their specific responses remain understudied.
  • Foraminifera, diatoms, and bacteria are potential bioindicators of reef health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of turbidity and eutrophication on micro-benthic communities in the Spermonde Archipelago.
  • To compare the sensitivity of foraminifera, diatoms, and prokaryotes to environmental changes along a turbidity gradient.
  • To differentiate impacts on shallow reef flat versus deep reef slope communities.

Main Methods:

  • Sampling across 12 islands and 600 sites in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia.
  • Utilizing environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding for community analysis.
  • Analyzing satellite imagery to assess turbidity and habitat variables.

Main Results:

  • Reef flat micro-benthic communities were 1.5- to 2-fold more impacted by turbidity than reef slope communities.
  • Large benthic foraminifera and diatoms showed high sensitivity to turbidity, contrary to expectations for prokaryotes.
  • Prokaryotic communities on reef flats were primarily influenced by substrate type, not water quality.
  • 112 exact sequence variants (ESVs) identified as turbidity indicators, with 87 from foraminifera and diatoms in turbid waters.

Conclusions:

  • Turbidity and eutrophication significantly shape micro-benthic communities, particularly on reef flats.
  • Foraminifera and diatoms are robust bioindicators of turbidity and eutrophication in coral reef ecosystems.
  • Micro-benthic communities serve as crucial early warning signals for coral reef degradation.