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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

197
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
197
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

114
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
114
Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

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The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
73
Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

210
The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
210
Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete01:26

Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete

87
The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
87
Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

200
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
200

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Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent
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From 2D kaolinite to 3D amorphous cement.

Juan A G Carrio1, Ricardo K Donato2,3, Alexandra Carvalho1,4

  • 1Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.

Scientific Reports
|January 11, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Kaolinite, a common clay, can be chemically transformed into an amorphous 3D material. This novel process creates a carbon-neutral cement alternative by altering its layered structure.

Keywords:
2D materialsAlkali-activationClaysGeopolymerMetakaolin

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Geology

Background:

  • Kaolinite clays are layered 3D materials with a 2D layer structure.
  • Metakaolin (MK) is derived from kaolinite.
  • Alkali-activated materials (AAM) offer sustainable alternatives to traditional cement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the chemical transformation of kaolinite into an amorphous 3D material.
  • To explore the formation and influence of quasi- or nanocrystalline phases in MK-based AAM.
  • To analyze the structural changes and properties of AAM derived from kaolinite.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical treatment of kaolinite to induce dimensional transformation.
  • Synthesis and characterization of alkali-activated materials (AAM) using metakaolin (MK) precursors.
  • Analysis of quasi- or nanocrystalline phases and their relation to the Si/Al ratio.
  • Exfoliation of the layered phase to study alkali-activation effects on sheet structures.

Main Results:

  • Kaolinite can be chemically converted into an amorphous 3D material due to its high surface area and reactivity.
  • The formation of quasi- or nanocrystalline phases in MK-based AAM is dependent on the Si/Al ratio.
  • A 3D bonded network is formed from MK, preserving the layered structure at the nanoscale.
  • Alkali-activation influences the final sheet structures embedded within the amorphous network.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical transformation of kaolinite yields a novel amorphous 3D material.
  • This process enables the creation of a sustainable cement with zero carbon dioxide emissions.
  • The resulting material exhibits a unique structure combining amorphous and preserved layered phases.