Source-resolved black carbon and PM_2.5 exposures during wildfires and prescribed burns

Changes in climate and land-use have significantly increased both the frequency and intensity of wildland fires globally, exacerbating the potential for hazardous impacts on human health. A better understanding of particle exposure concentrations and scenarios is crucial for developing mitigation strategies to reduce the health risks. Here, PM_2.5 and black carbon (BC) concentrations were monitored during wildland fires between 2022 and 2024, in fire-prone areas in Catalonia (NE Spain), by means of personal monitors (AirBeam2 and Micro-aethalometers AE51 and MA200). Results revealed that exposures to combustion aerosols (PM_2.5 and BC) were significant and comparable during wildfires and prescribed burns (mean PM_2.5 during wildfires = 152 μg/m³ vs. 110-145 μg/m³ for prescribed burns). Overall, BC/PM_2.5 ratios showed a large variability as a function of the monitoring scenario, indicating varying contributions from mineral aerosols to the emissions mix originating from fire management and extinction tasks. Specifically, mop-up tasks (final extinction tasks involving stirring top soil using handheld tools) were identified as a significant contributor to PM_2.5 exposures, with 1-min PM_2.5 peak concentrations reaching up to 1190 μg/m³. These results may be especially valuable for emissions modelling. Source apportionment of multi-wavelength BC datasets provided deeper insights into emissions and their impact on exposure profiles: line operators (who control the fire perimeter) were predominantly exposed to biomass burning smoke BC_bb (61%) when compared to BC from fossil-fuel combustion (BC_ff = 39%), while torchers (in charge of initiating technical fires using fossil-fuel drip-torches) were predominantly exposed to BC_ff (77% vs. 23% BC_bb). These findings highlight the value of portable monitors in the assessment of wildfire emissions and impacts on human exposure and environment. The combination of these tools, reporting data in real-time and with high time-resolution, is key to the design and implementation of effective mitigation strategies for environmental and health concerns related to wildland fires.