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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Classifying synoptic patterns driving tornadic storms and associated spatial trends in the United States.

Qin Jiang1, Daniel T Dawson Ii1, Funing Li2

  • 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA.

NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Science
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Climate change impacts tornado frequency differently across the U.S. Southeast sees more tornadoes due to strong synoptic patterns, while the Great Plains experiences fewer due to weak forcing.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Climatology
  • Meteorology

Background:

  • Severe convective storms and tornadoes are hazardous weather phenomena causing significant damage and fatalities.
  • Understanding the influence of large-scale synoptic patterns on near-surface weather is crucial for predicting tornado potential.
  • Investigating multiscale associations is vital for comprehending tornado activity in the context of climate change.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and distinguish leading synoptic patterns associated with tornadic storms across different U.S. geographic regions.
  • To analyze spatial trends in tornado frequency and link them to specific synoptic patterns.
  • To explain observed changes in tornado occurrences by examining regional differences in physical mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Clustering analysis was employed to identify distinct synoptic patterns driving tornadic storms.
  • Examination of upper-level eddy kinetic energy and Z500 fields to characterize synoptic forcing.
  • Regional analysis of tornado frequency trends and their correlation with identified synoptic patterns.

Main Results:

  • Leading synoptic patterns driving tornadic storms are geographically distinguishable across the U.S.
  • The Southeast U.S. shows an increasing tornado trend linked to intense synoptic forcing (high eddy kinetic energy, dense Z500 fields), leading to more tornadoes per event.
  • Certain regions of the central Great Plains exhibit a decreasing tornado trend associated with weak upper-level synoptic forcing.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct regional synoptic patterns explain observed changes in U.S. tornado occurrences.
  • Intensified synoptic forcing contributes to increased tornado frequency in the Southeast.
  • Weakened synoptic forcing is linked to decreased tornado activity in parts of the Great Plains, indicating regionally varied physical mechanisms.