Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

129
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
129
Encoding01:19

Encoding

127
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
127
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

144
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
144
Storage01:23

Storage

69
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
69
Mnemonic Devices01:23

Mnemonic Devices

58
Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
Acronyms
Acronyms are created by using the initial letters of a series of words to form a new word or phrase. This approach condenses complex information into a single, memorable entity. For example,...
58
Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

77
Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
77

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Refreshing boosts memory but does not protect it against interference.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same author

Validating an Online Portuguese Battery to Measure Working Memory Capacity in a Sample of Portuguese and Brazilian Participants.

Journal of cognition·2026
Same author

Sensory modality- and load-dependent changes across cortical working memory representations.

Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2026
Same author

JEP:HPP Is TOP: Editorial policies for transparency and openness in publishing.

Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance·2025
Same author

Refreshing Multi-Feature Objects in Visual Working Memory.

Journal of cognition·2025
Same author

Active maintenance in working memory reinforces bindings for future retrieval from episodic long-term memory.

Memory & cognition·2024
Same journal

Orthographic Neighbourhood Size Effects in Chinese Character Recognition: Small, Inconsistent, and Theoretically Ambiguous.

Journal of cognition·2026
Same journal

The Role of Different Thoughts in Tacit Coordination and Its Malleability by Interventions.

Journal of cognition·2026
Same journal

The Impact of Prior Beliefs about Volatility on Adaptive Behavior.

Journal of cognition·2026
Same journal

Proactive Control of Emotional Information in Adult ADHD.

Journal of cognition·2026
Same journal

Knowledge Gap Illustrations Spark Curiosity.

Journal of cognition·2026
Same journal

Centre-of-Mass Confounds Contribute to Familiar Size Stroop Effects with Boger and Firestone's 'Visual Anagrams'.

Journal of cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2025

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Published on: June 12, 2017

29.5K

Verbal Encoding Strategies in Visuo-Spatial Working Memory.

Joana Pereira Seabra1,2, Vivien Chopurian1,2, Alessandra S Souza3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, DE.

Journal of Cognition
|January 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Verbal labels influence visual memory recall. Specific spatial words enhance recall of cardinal stimuli, while uncertainty words shift recall away from them, suggesting shared cognitive resources.

Keywords:
categorizationverbal labelingvisuo-spatial stimuliworking memory

More Related Videos

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

10.8K
Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

15.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2025

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Published on: June 12, 2017

29.5K
The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

10.8K
Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

15.6K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Visual working memory and verbal storage are typically studied separately.
  • Evidence suggests verbal labeling can aid visual memory but may also introduce biases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore verbal labels used for visuo-spatial stimuli.
  • To investigate how these labels affect recall in a working memory task.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a visual working memory task with orientation and location stimuli.
  • A subsequent naming task assessed verbal labels associated with the stimuli.
  • Analysis correlated label use with recall biases.

Main Results:

  • A wide variety of verbal labels were frequently used across participants and stimuli.
  • Specific spatial words predicted enhanced recall for cardinal stimuli (Class 1 bias).
  • Uncertainty words predicted recall biases away from cardinal stimuli (Class 2 bias).

Conclusions:

  • Verbal labeling impacts visuo-spatial working memory recall.
  • Findings suggest shared cognitive resources for visuo-spatial and verbal processing.
  • Labeling effects are consistent with integrated memory systems.