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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2025

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Single-cell transcriptomics in thyroid eye disease.

Sofia Ahsanuddin^1,2, Albert Y Wu¹

¹Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.

Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology

|January 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Single-cell RNA sequencing is revealing the complex cell types and molecular drivers of Thyroid Eye Disease (TED). This approach offers new insights into biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this autoimmune condition.

Keywords:

Gene expression Graves’orbitopathy single-cell RNA sequencing single-nuclei RNA sequencing thyroid eye disease thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy transcriptome

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Immunology
Genomics

Background:

Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) is an autoimmune disorder impacting retroorbital tissues, potentially causing vision loss and disfigurement.
Current treatments for TED have limited efficacy, with significant relapse and non-response rates.
The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of TED remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in understanding TED pathogenesis using single-cell transcriptomics.
To highlight novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets identified through single-cell analysis.
To discuss challenges and future applications of single-cell technologies in TED research.

Main Methods:

Utilizing high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq).
Analyzing single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data.
Reviewing current literature on transcriptomic studies in TED.

Main Results:

scRNA-seq has elucidated diverse cell populations and molecular pathways involved in TED.
Identification of potential novel biomarkers for TED diagnosis and prognosis.
Discovery of new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in TED.

Conclusions:

Single-cell transcriptomics provides unprecedented resolution into TED pathogenesis.
Emerging data offers opportunities for improved patient outcomes and disease reversal.
Further application of these technologies is crucial for advancing TED management.