Decoding the role of ghrelin and its interactions with central signaling pathways in avian appetite regulation

Ghrelin, a peptide hormone primarily produced in the enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, plays a vital role in regulating food intake, and energy balance in avian species. This review examines the complex interactions between ghrelin and the central signaling pathways associated with hunger regulation in birds. In contrast to mammals, where ghrelin typically promotes feeding behavior, its effects in birds appear more nuanced, exhibiting anorexigenic properties under certain conditions. The interactions of ghrelin with central signaling pathways, particularly within the hypothalamus, are explored, highlighting its influence on various neuropeptide systems, including GABAergic, corticotropinergic, opioidergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, cannabinoidergic, and adrenergic pathways. This article synthesizes current knowledge regarding ghrelin's structure and physiological functions, as well as its interactions with other neuropeptides and hormones that collectively govern avian feeding behaviors. Furthermore, this review proposes future research directions aimed at elucidating the intricate mechanisms underlying appetite control in birds. Insights gained from this analysis may not only enhance our understanding of avian biology and the optimal regulation of their food intake but also inform wildlife management and conservation strategies in response to environmental changes.