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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Mechanical Stimulation of Chondrocyte-agarose Hydrogels
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Improved Mesenchymal Stem Cell Viability in High-Stiffness, Translational Cartilage Matrix Hydrogels.

Emi A Kiyotake1, Claudia Iribagiza2, Krisha Pramod2

  • 1C. Wayne McIlwraith Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

Tissue Engineering. Part A
|January 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized cartilage matrix hydrogels for articular cartilage repair. A specific formulation balanced mechanical strength, cell viability, and surgical injectability, showing promise for effective tissue regeneration.

Keywords:
clinical translationalextracellular matrixhydrogelsmesenchymal stem cellsstiffness

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Cartilage extracellular matrix scaffolds show potential for articular cartilage repair due to inherent bioactivity promoting chondrogenesis.
  • Existing scaffolds face challenges in balancing biological responsiveness, mechanical integrity (>1 MPa compressive stiffness), and surgical applicability.
  • Evaluating encapsulated cell viability within high-stiffness hydrogels remains a critical unmet need.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optimize pentenoate-functionalized, solubilized, devitalized cartilage (PSDVC) hydrogels for articular cartilage repair.
  • To improve the reproducibility of high compressive moduli and assess encapsulated human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) viability.
  • To identify a formulation balancing mechanical properties, cell viability, and injectable precursor characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Varied the degree of pentenoate functionalization (0.45-1.09 mmol/g) and dithiothreitol (DTT) crosslinker concentration.
  • Characterized precursor rheology for paste-like properties and post-crosslinking mechanical performance (compressive stiffness, failure strain).
  • Assessed encapsulated hBMSC viability within the developed high-stiffness hydrogels.

Main Results:

  • Formulations with ≤0.80 mmol/g pentenoate retained paste-like precursor rheology and achieved >1 MPa compressive stiffness post-crosslinking.
  • Lower functionalization (0.57 mmol/g) resulted in higher stiffness (1.4 MPa) but critically low hBMSC viability (5%).
  • A middle functionalization (0.70 mmol/g) with DTT (0.50 mmol thiols/g) yielded high cell viability (77%), robust mechanical performance (1.65 MPa, 31% failure strain), and rapid crosslinking (1.5 min).

Conclusions:

  • A middle functionalization range (0.70-0.80 mmol/g) with 0.50 mmol thiols/g crosslinker offers an optimal balance for PSDVC hydrogels.
  • This optimized formulation demonstrates high mechanical strength (>1 MPa), excellent cell viability, and a paste-like precursor suitable for surgical translation.
  • These findings support the potential of PSDVC hydrogels for effective articular cartilage repair applications.