Novel Foamed Magnesium Phosphate Antimicrobial Bone Cement for Bone Augmentation.

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Science
• Regenerative Medicine
• Dental Implantology

Background:

• Infection is a primary cause of dental bone graft failure, necessitating antibacterial bone graft materials.
• Conventional magnesium phosphate bone cement (MPC) has limitations in porosity, hindering nutrient and cell transport.
• Developing porous MPC with enhanced antibacterial and osteogenic properties is crucial for successful bone regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

• To fabricate a highly porous magnesium phosphate bone cement (CaCO3/CA-MPC) using citric acid (CA) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as foaming agents.
• To evaluate the physicochemical properties, bioactivity, antimicrobial effects, and osteogenic potential of the novel porous MPC.
• To assess the in vitro and in vivo performance of the developed bone graft material for infected bone defects.

Main Methods:

• Fabrication of porous magnesium phosphate bone cement (CaCO3/CA-MPC) using citric acid and calcium carbonate.
• In vitro assessment of physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs).
• In vitro antimicrobial efficacy testing against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
• In vivo anti-infection and osteogenesis experiments in a rat model.

Main Results:

• The fabricated CaCO3/CA-MPC exhibited enhanced physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and antimicrobial effects compared to conventional MPC.
• CaCO3/CA-MPC significantly improved osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs in vitro.
• The material demonstrated potent in vitro antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
• In vivo studies showed superior bactericidal activity and enhanced osteogenesis in infected bone defects compared to controls and Bio-Oss.

Conclusions:

• Porous magnesium phosphate bone cement (CaCO3/CA-MPC) with incorporated citric acid and calcium carbonate shows significant promise.
• The developed material possesses excellent in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial and osteogenic properties.
• This novel bone graft material is a potential candidate for enhancing outcomes in dental implant surgeries, particularly in infected sites.