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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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GPI-anchoring is a post-translational, reversible protein modification that is ubiquitous in eukaryotes. Such proteins are primarily present on the exoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane.
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Organelle-Targeting Nanoparticles.

John Soukar1,2, Nicholas A Peppas3,4,5,6,7, Akhilesh K Gaharwar1,2,8

  • 1Interdisiplinary program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|January 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems offer targeted organelle therapy to combat diseases caused by organelle dysfunction. This approach enhances treatment efficacy and reduces side effects by precisely delivering therapeutics within cells.

Keywords:
Golgi apparatusendoplasmic reticulumendosomemitochondriananomaterialsnucleustargeted delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Cellular organelles are vital for survival, and their dysfunction is linked to numerous human diseases.
  • Targeted organelle delivery of therapeutics promises improved treatment outcomes with reduced dosage and side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging nanoparticle designs for targeted organelle delivery.
  • To discuss advances in nanoparticle therapies for diseases associated with organelle dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of various nanoparticle platforms (liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, inorganic nanoparticles).
  • Examination of nanoparticle characteristics (shape, size, composition, surface properties, targeting ligands) for specific organelle targeting.
  • Review of literature on nanoparticle-mediated organelle delivery for therapeutic applications.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticles offer high surface area-to-volume ratios for drug loading and customizable targeting moieties.
  • Different nanoparticle platforms are suitable for targeting specific organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes/endosomes, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Advances in nanoparticle design are crucial for effective organelle-specific therapeutic delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoparticle-based targeted organelle delivery is a promising strategy for treating diseases linked to organelle dysfunction.
  • Tailoring nanoparticle properties is essential for achieving efficient and specific delivery to target organelles.
  • Further research into nanoparticle design and application holds significant potential for advancing therapeutic interventions.