Biomimetic Extracellular Vesicles Containing Biominerals for Targeted Osteoporosis Therapy
Yutong Chen1,2, Mengru Zhu1,2, Shihao Sheng3
1Organoid Research Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China.
Abstract:
Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mineral density and a heightened risk of fractures. Therapies for OP have primarily focused on balancing bone formation and bone resorption, but enhancing the remineralization of osteoporotic bone is also a key strategy for effective repair. Recent insights into biomineralization mechanisms have highlighted the essential role of mineral-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by osteoblasts in promoting bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (BMSC) differentiation and initiating matrix mineralization. Drawing from these principles, we developed a biomimetic approach to replicate the structure and function of the osteoblast-derived EVs by engineering biomimetic mitochondrial minerals with bone marrow homing cell membranes (CMs). This bone-targeted biomimetic system exhibits excellent biocompatibility, enhancing osteogenic differentiation and stimulating angiogenesis by regulating cellular energy metabolism. Additionally, the CM-coated structure shows affinity for collagen fibrils, effectively enhancing intrafibrillar collagen mineralization, thereby facilitating osteoporotic bone repair. Overall, the biomimetic system offers a safe and efficient therapeutic alternative, positioning it as a platform for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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