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Related Concept Videos

Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

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Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
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Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules02:35

Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

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Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions differ from covalent bonding in that they do not involve sharing of electrons.
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Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Covalent Bonds01:08

Covalent Bonds

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Overview
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally,...
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Hydrogen Bonding-Driven Adaptive Coacervates as Protocells.

Donglei Wang1, Peiyu Zhang1, Qi-Zhi Zhong1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen bonding-driven coacervates formed from poly(ethylene glycol) and tannic acid offer stable, tunable protocells. These adaptive coacervates mimic cellular functions and are robust in high salt conditions.

Keywords:
coacervateshydrogen bondingpoly(ethylene glycol)polyphenolprotocells

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Coacervation via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is key for artificial protocells and mimicking membrane-free organelles.
  • Traditional coacervates rely on electrostatic interactions, limiting their stability in high ionic strength (>0.1 M).
  • Novel driving forces and components are needed for synthetic coacervates to match natural organelle robustness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop hydrogen bonding-driven adaptive coacervates.
  • To investigate the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) behavior of these novel coacervates.
  • To explore their potential as protocells and in therapeutic delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Complexation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and tannic acid (TA) to form coacervates.
  • Tuning coacervate properties by adjusting PEG and TA concentrations and mass ratios.
  • Assessing coacervate stability in high ionic strength solutions (up to 1 M).
  • Evaluating protocell mimicry of cellular behaviors like metabolism, phagocytosis, and membrane fusion.

Main Results:

  • Successfully formed hydrogen bonding-driven adaptive coacervates from PEG and TA.
  • Demonstrated tunable LLPS behavior, controlling coacervate size (70 nm to 10 μm) and morphology (particles, hollow capsules).
  • Achieved high stability in ionic concentrations up to 1 M, surpassing traditional coacervates.
  • Showcased protocell capabilities, including nutrient uptake, phagocytosis, and membrane fusion.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a platform for rational design of hydrogen bonding-driven coacervates.
  • Achieved controllable size and morphology for adaptive coacervates.
  • Highlighted potential applications in protocell construction and therapeutic delivery due to enhanced stability and functionality.