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Related Concept Videos

External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion01:15

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Once the process of glomerular filtration is completed, blood carrying unfiltered drug molecules traverses through efferent arterioles and makes its way into the peritubular capillaries in the proximal tubule. A variety of carriers play a pivotal role in actively secreting drugs from these peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid. The organic anion transporter transfers acidic drugs, against an electrochemical gradient, from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule cells and...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Glomerular Filtration01:17

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The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, starts with glomerular filtration and results in urine formation. Each kidney houses millions of functional units called nephrons, where urine production takes place. A nephron has two main components: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. Drugs gain access to the kidney via the renal artery, which progressively branches off into afferent...
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Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion01:28

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Active tubular secretion is a robust, energy-demanding process that utilizes carrier systems to transport drugs into renal tubules. The active renal secretion systems include the organic anion transporter (OAT) for weak acids and the organic cation transporter (OCT) for weak bases. Structurally similar drugs can compete for the same transporter, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity. However, this principle can be exploited therapeutically. One example is probenecid (Probalan),...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption01:22

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During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, lipophilic, and nonionized undergo passive reabsorption from the tubular fluid into the surrounding peritubular capillaries. This reabsorption process restricts their elimination through the kidneys. However, the majority of drugs are either weak acids or weak bases, and their ionization level is dependent on pH. By altering the pH of urine, the...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Adiponectin removal by the human kidney: A preliminary study.

Daniela Picciotto1, Manrico Balbi2, Gianmarco Rosa3

  • 1Clinica Nefrologica Dialisi e Trapianto, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.

Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases : NMCD
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The liver and kidneys remove adiponectin (APN), an insulin-sensitizing hormone, from the blood. Reduced kidney function in renal disease may elevate circulating APN levels.

Keywords:
Adiponectin levelsCKDKidneyLiver

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research
  • Renal Physiology

Background:

  • Adiponectin (APN) is an adipocyte-derived hormone with significant insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Adipose tissue is the primary source of circulating APN, but its clearance pathways in humans remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the primary sites of adiponectin (APN) removal from the bloodstream in humans.
  • To investigate the role of the kidney in APN metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of arterio-venous concentration differences for APN in hepatic and renal circulation.
  • Review of existing data on inter-organ exchange of amino acids and cytokines.

Main Results:

  • Both the liver and kidneys demonstrated a significant reduction in total APN concentrations compared to arterial levels, indicating removal.
  • A similar, though not statistically significant, trend was observed for high molecular weight (HMW) APN removal in both organs.

Conclusions:

  • The splanchnic organs and kidneys are identified as major sites for APN clearance in humans.
  • Impaired kidney function in renal disease may contribute to elevated circulating APN levels due to reduced renal handling.