Structural insights into the recognition of RALF peptides by FERONIA receptor kinase during Brassicaceae pollination

Ensuring species integrity and successful reproduction is pivotal for the survival of angiosperms. Members of Brassicaceae family employ a "lock and key" mechanism involving stigmatic (sRALFs) and pollen RALFs (pRALFs) binding to FERONIA, a Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) receptor, to establish a prezygotic hybridization barrier. In the absence of compatible pRALFs, sRALFs bind to FERONIA, inducing a lock state for pollen tube penetration. Conversely, compatible pRALFs act as a key, facilitating successful fertilization. Competing pRALFs reduce the sRALFs binding to FERONIA in a dose-dependent manner, enabling pollen tube penetration. Despite its crucial role in Brassicaceae hybridization, the structural basis of this binding remains elusive owing to the highly flexible nature of RALF peptides. Using advanced structural modeling techniques and flexible peptide molecular docking, this study reveals that pRALFs and sRALFs bind to negatively charged pockets in FERONIA with varying binding affinities. Our study unveils the structural basis of this binding, shedding light on the molecular mechanism underlying hybridization barriers in Brassicaceae.