From synthesis to application: a review of BaZrS₃ chalcogenide perovskites

Chalcogenide perovskites are gaining prominence as earth-abundant and non-toxic solar absorber materials, crystallizing in a distorted perovskite structure. Among these, BaZrS₃ has attracted the most attention due to its optimal bandgap and its ability to be synthesized at relatively low temperatures. BaZrS₃ exhibits a high light absorption coefficient, excellent stability under exposure to air, moisture, and heat, and is composed of earth-abundant elements. These properties collectively position BaZrS₃ as a promising candidate for a wide range of applications, although traditional high-temperature synthesis has primarily been a significant challenge. In this review, we provide a critical discussion of the various synthesis methods employed to fabricate BaZrS₃, including solid-state synthesis, nanoparticle synthesis, and vacuum-based as well as solution-based approaches to synthesize thin films. We also comprehensively examine the experimentally measured and theoretically calculated optical, optoelectronic, electronic, and defect properties of BaZrS₃. Furthermore, this review highlights the functional devices based on BaZrS₃, showcasing applications spanning photovoltaics, photodetection, thermoelectrics, photoelectrochemical water splitting, piezoelectricity, and spintronics. Lastly, we propose a future roadmap to maximize the potential of this material. Additionally, this review extends its focus to BaHfS₃ and BaTiS₃, discussing their synthesis methods, properties, and explored applications, thereby offering a comparative perspective on this emerging family of chalcogenide perovskites.