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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Aromatic side-chain crosslinking in RiPP biosynthesis.

Sanath K Kandy1, Michael A Pasquale1, Jonathan R Chekan2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.

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|January 15, 2025
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Summary

Nature uses diverse enzymes to crosslink aromatic amino acids in ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). This review highlights newly discovered cyclases, including P450s, rSAMs, burpitide cyclases, and DUF3328 proteins, responsible for these complex reactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Natural Product Biosynthesis
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Peptide cyclization is crucial for bioactive molecules, especially in RiPPs.
  • N- to C-terminal macrocyclization and lanthipeptide formation enzymes are well-studied.
  • A diverse range of cyclases performing aromatic side-chain crosslinking in RiPPs are emerging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging theme of aromatic amino acid side-chain crosslinking in RiPP biosynthesis.
  • To focus on newly discovered enzymes catalyzing these challenging crosslinking reactions.
  • To consolidate knowledge on diverse cyclization strategies in natural product chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent discoveries in RiPP biosynthesis.
  • Focus on enzymatic mechanisms of aromatic crosslinking.
  • Categorization of cyclases based on their catalytic activity and protein families.

Main Results:

  • Multiple enzymatic routes exist for aromatic amino acid crosslinking in RiPPs.
  • Cytochrome P450s and radical S-adenosylmethionine (rSAM) enzymes play a role in RiPP crosslinking.
  • Novel enzyme classes like burpitide cyclases and DUF3328 (UstY) family proteins are involved.

Conclusions:

  • Aromatic side-chain crosslinking is a significant and diverse modification in RiPPs.
  • Understanding these cyclases expands knowledge of natural product diversity and enzyme function.
  • Further characterization of these enzymes will reveal new biosynthetic pathways and catalytic mechanisms.