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    This study introduces a novel five-mode waveguide amplifier achieving low differential modal gain (DMG). This advancement enhances data transmission capacity and integration scale for optical systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Optical Amplifiers

    Background:

    • Waveguide amplifiers are crucial for optical communication systems.
    • Achieving low differential modal gain (DMG) is essential for multi-mode amplification.
    • Existing methods struggle to equalize gain across multiple modes effectively.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a five-mode erbium-doped waveguide amplifier with low DMG.
    • To develop a novel gain equalization scheme for synergistic refractive index and doping concentration reconfiguration.
    • To enhance system data transmission capacity and integration scale.

    Main Methods:

    • Synthesis of NaYF4:Gd3+, Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles via annealing for improved spectral properties.
    • Utilizing a dual-layer ring core structure with optimized refractive index and layered doping distributions.
    • Employing genetic and minimization algorithms for optimization.
    • Fabrication using high-precision alignment technology.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a five-mode erbium-doped waveguide amplifier.
    • Achieved an average gain of 9.68 dB at 1550 nm with a low DMG of 0.76 dB.
    • Successfully amplified five signal modes without distortion using backward pumping.
    • Characterized device performance including crosstalk, light spots, loss, and gain.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed amplifier design and gain equalization scheme effectively reduce DMG.
    • This work lays the foundation for increased data transmission capacity and device integration.
    • The developed nanoparticle synthesis and optimization techniques are promising for future photonic devices.