Biocomposites of 2D layered materials

Molecular composites, such as bone and nacre, are everywhere in nature and play crucial roles, ranging from self-defense to carbon sequestration. Extensive research has been conducted on constructing inorganic layered materials at an atomic level inspired by natural composites. These layered materials exfoliated to 2D crystals are an emerging family of nanomaterials with extraordinary properties. These biocomposites are great for modulating electron, photon, and phonon transport in nanoelectronics and photonic devices but are challenging to translate into bulk materials. Combining 2D crystals with biomolecules enables various 2D nanocomposites with novel characteristics. This review has provided an overview of the latest biocomposites, including their structure, composition, and characterization. Layered biocomposites have the potential to improve the performance of many devices. For example, biocomposites use macromolecules to control the organization of 2D crystals, allowing for new capabilities such as flexible electronics and energy storage. Other applications of 2D biocomposites include biomedical imaging, tissue engineering, chemical and biological sensing, gas and liquid filtration, and soft robotics. However, some fundamental questions need to be answered, such as self-assembly and kinetically limited states of organic-inorganic phases in soft matter physics.