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Updated: Jun 2, 2025

Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors
Published on: February 25, 2020
Construction of a prognostic survival model with tumor immune-related genes for breast cancer
Shuai Guo1, Liang Guo1, Jiangyun Li1
1Department of Clinical Laboratory, General Hospital of Tisco, Sixth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
Background:
Numerous studies have demonstrated that immune cell infiltration is a significant predictor in the prognosis of those with breast cancer. This study aimed to develop a prognostic model for undifferentiated breast cancer using immune-related markers.
Methods:
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and prognostic factors were identified from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Cancer immune-associated genes were filtered using the GeneCards database. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and Cox proportional hazards regression were employed to select prognostic indicators. The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm and the CIBERSORT algorithm were used to analyze the correlation of prognostic indicators with immune cells in breast cancer.
Results:
We identified six tumor immune-related genes, including zic family member 2 (ZIC2), solute carrier family 7 member 5 (SLC7A5), forkhead box J1 (FOXJ1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18 (TNFRSF18), and serine protease 2 (PRSS2), for the development of a prognostic model for patients with breast cancer. Notably, the results of the correlation analysis indicated that CXCL9 was associated with antitumor immune cells, including CD8+ T cells, cytotoxic cells, M1 macrophages, and activated memory CD4 T cells, and with the enrichment of natural killer (NK) CD56dim cells. Furthermore, CXCL9 exhibited a significant negative association with the tumor-promoting M2 macrophage phenotype.
Conclusions:
Our study established a six-gene model for predicting breast cancer prognosis. Furthermore, we unexpectedly discovered that CXCL9 is integral to immune infiltration in breast cancer and may serve as a critical biomarker for evaluating immune response and therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer treatment.
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