Translation, Validity, and Reliability of the Indonesian Version of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI)
Romy Deviandri1,2, Afrianto Daud3, Tania Nugrah Utami1
1Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Riau, Arifin Achmad Hospital, Pekanbaru, Indonesia.
Background:
The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) is a widely used 13-item shoulder-specific patient-reported outcome measure for shoulder pain disorders. The English version of SPADI is easy to use and demonstrates excellent measurement properties for clinical and research settings.
Purpose:
To translate and culturally adapt an Indonesian version of SPADI (SPADI-IDN) and then validate its use in Indonesian patients.
Study Design:
Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.
Methods:
Through a forward and a backward translation process, the validity of the questionnaire was investigated. The study population was 100 patients with shoulder pain who were treated in a hospital in Indonesia. The patients were asked to fill out the SPADI-IDN during their visit. To evaluate the validity of SPADI-IDN, the patients were also asked to fill out the Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey and the Oxford Shoulder Score. To assess the test-retest reliability, the same patients were asked to fill out the SPADI-IDN questionnaire again 1 week later. The assessment of construct validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, floor and ceiling effect, and measurement of error followed the COSMIN (Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments) guidelines. The Bland-Altman method was used to explore absolute agreement.
Results:
Of the 100 eligible patients, all were used to assess construct validity, and 87 patients (87%) were used to assess test-retest reliability. Almost every established hypothesis about the correlations between SPADI-IDN and other questionnaires could be confirmed, implying good construct validity. No floor or ceiling effects were found. The intraclass correlation value was 0.99, indicating strong test-retest reliability. A Cronbach α was 0.95, indicating a good internal consistency. The Bland-Altman analysis did not reveal any bias. The standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change at the individual and group levels were 2.65, 7.3, and 0.7, respectively.
Conclusion:
The SPADI-IDN represents a valid and reliable tool for measuring pain and disability in patients with shoulder pain disorders.
