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Dissection of type 2 diabetes: a genetic perspective
Amélie Bonnefond1, Jose C Florez2, Ruth J F Loos3
1Université de Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; Department of Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.
The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
|January 16, 2025
Summary
Type 2 diabetes has significant genetic influences, with research revealing a spectrum from monogenic to polygenic inheritance. Understanding these genetic factors is key to developing precision medicine for diabetes management.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Genetics
- Metabolic Diseases
Background:
- Type 2 diabetes is a major global health issue, characterized by insulin resistance and progressive insulin secretion loss.
- Obesity and sedentary lifestyles contribute, but genetic predisposition plays a significant role, with heritability estimated at 31-72%.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the genetic underpinnings of type 2 diabetes.
- To highlight how genetic insights can advance precision medicine for diabetes.
Main Methods:
- Review of genetic studies over the past 25 years.
- Analysis of evidence for monogenic, oligogenic, and polygenic contributions.
- Consideration of environmental factors and epigenetic modifications.
Main Results:
- Type 2 diabetes genetics involves a continuum, not just monogenic or polygenic forms.
- Genetic factors significantly influence disease pathophysiology.
- Epigenetic modifications add complexity to disease development.
Conclusions:
- Genetic research provides deeper insights into type 2 diabetes mechanisms.
- Precision medicine approaches informed by genetics can transform diabetes management.
- A comprehensive understanding of genetic and environmental factors is crucial.
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