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Related Concept Videos

Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

49.8K
The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
49.8K
ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

9.1K
ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
9.1K
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

13.0K
Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
13.0K
Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

13.2K
In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
13.2K
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

7.9K
ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
7.9K
Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules01:10

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

8.3K
Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. Consumed carbohydrates have their origins in photosynthesizing organisms like plants. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas into sugar molecules, like glucose. Because this...
8.3K

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Concanavalin A-Based Sedimentation Assay to Measure Substrate Binding of Glucan Phosphatases
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Concanavalin A-Based Sedimentation Assay to Measure Substrate Binding of Glucan Phosphatases

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Starch phosphorylation - A new perspective: A review.

Julia Compart1, Joerg Fettke1

  • 1Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Potsdam, Golm, Germany.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|January 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Phosphorylation customizes starch and glycogen properties. New insights into starch phosphorylation mechanisms, including GWD protein structure, offer a revised understanding of starch granule modification.

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Quantitative Phosphoproteomics in Fatty Acid Stimulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Phosphorylation is crucial for the properties and turnover of storage carbohydrates like starch and glycogen.
  • Interest in using phosphorylation to engineer polysaccharides for biotechnological applications is growing.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of starch phosphoesterification has advanced significantly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current knowledge on starch phosphorylation.
  • To present protein structure predictions for GWD in the context of starch phosphorylation.
  • To provide a revised and in-depth understanding of starch granule phosphorylation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on starch phosphorylation.
  • Protein structure prediction for GWD (Glycogen Web Domain).
  • Analysis of molecular events at the surface of starch granules.

Main Results:

  • Recent advances have improved understanding of starch phosphoesterification mechanisms.
  • Protein structure predictions for GWD offer new perspectives on starch phosphorylation.
  • Detailed discussion of molecular events at starch granule surfaces.

Conclusions:

  • Starch phosphorylation is fundamental to its physicochemical properties and turnover.
  • Novel insights into GWD structure and function enhance understanding of starch modification.
  • A revised perspective on starch granule phosphorylation is established.