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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells01:28

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. These distinctions underpin the biological diversity seen across domains of life.Prokaryotic Cell CharacteristicsProkaryotic cells, exemplified by bacteria and archaea, are structurally simple and lack membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Their genetic material consists of a single, circular DNA molecule in the nucleoid region,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe
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Why and how should we simulate platform trials? Learnings from EU-PEARL.

Elias Laurin Meyer1,2, Tobias Mielke3, Marta Bofill Roig1

  • 1Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Austria.

BMC Medical Research Methodology
|January 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new framework and open-source software for designing and simulating complex platform trials. The developed tools accommodate features like staggered treatment entry, enhancing efficiency in clinical trial design.

Keywords:
Open-sourcePlatform trialsRSimulationsSoftware

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Trials Methodology
  • Biostatistics
  • Pharmaceutical Research

Background:

  • Platform trials offer a flexible approach to evaluating multiple treatments within a master protocol.
  • Increasing interest in platform trials highlights the need for adaptable and efficient design methodologies.
  • Existing simulation software lacks the flexibility to accommodate unique platform trial features like staggered treatment entry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the complexities in designing platform trials.
  • To develop a simulation-guided framework for platform trial design.
  • To create open-source software for simulating platform trials.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed an iterative, simulation-guided framework for platform trial design.
  • Developed a suite of open-source software using the R programming language for simulation.
  • Software features include simulating staggered treatment entry, control data sharing options, and platform stopping rules.

Main Results:

  • The developed open-source software effectively simulates key platform trial design features.
  • Independent validation confirmed the reliability and consistency of the simulation software.
  • The software addresses functionality limitations and coding unavailability in existing tools.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive framework and open-source software are provided for platform trial design and simulation.
  • The software tools offer the necessary flexibility to model the intricate nature of platform trials.
  • This facilitates more efficient and robust platform trial development.