Efficient production of recombinant hybrid mussel proteins with improved adhesion

Mussel foot proteins (mfps) play important roles in surface interaction and underwater adhesion. However, limited production and the lack of adhesion of recombinant mfps have restricted their widespread use. Here, we present a general strategy for enhancing both the expression and function of mfps by connecting multiple protein fragments. We demonstrate that fp-535, the fusion protein comprising fp-5 at each fp-3 terminus, exhibits best adhesion strength up to 1.43 MPa and coating ability, while achieving a higher yield of 91.13 mg/L in the flask culture. After optimizing the fermentation parameters such as temperature and volume as well as the culture medium, the yield of fp-535 was increased to 1.70 g/L in a 5-L bioreactor. Our approach highlights the advantage of fusion mfps and provides potential for the sustainable supply of practical bioadhesive materials.