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Related Concept Videos

Analysis of Population Pharmacokinetic Data01:12

Analysis of Population Pharmacokinetic Data

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Analysis of population pharmacokinetic data involves studying the behavior of drugs within diverse populations to understand their pharmacokinetic parameters. Traditional pharmacokinetic methods typically involve collecting samples from a few individuals and estimating these parameters. While these methods are commonly used, they have limitations in capturing the variability in drug response among individuals or heterogeneous populations. Population pharmacokinetics is employed to address these...
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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Mechanistic Models: Compartment Models in Individual and Population Analysis01:23

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Mechanistic models are utilized in individual analysis using single-source data, but imperfections arise due to data collection errors, preventing perfect prediction of observed data. The mathematical equation involves known values (Xi), observed concentrations (Ci), measurement errors (εi), model parameters (ϕj), and the related function (ƒi) for i number of values. Different least-squares metrics quantify differences between predicted and observed values. The ordinary least...
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models01:21

Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models

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Mechanistic models, a category encompassing both physiological and compartmental modeling, differ from empirical models' approaches to incorporating known factors about the systems being modeled. Empirical models describe data with minimal assumptions, while mechanistic models aim to provide a robust description of available data by specifying assumptions and integrating known factors about the system. Compartmental analysis is a key example of a mechanistic model in pharmacokinetics and...
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Drug Concentration Versus Time Correlation01:15

Drug Concentration Versus Time Correlation

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The plasma drug concentration-time curve is a crucial tool in pharmacokinetics, representing the drug's concentration in plasma at different time intervals post-administration. This curve illustrates the drug's journey from absorption into the systemic circulation, distribution to body tissues, and eventual elimination through excretion or biotransformation.
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Spatial-Structural Mechanisms of Racialized Disparities in Overdose Mortality: A Spatiotemporal Analysis.

Rina Ghose1, Amir Masoud Forati2, Fahimeh Mohebbi1

  • 1College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.

Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
|January 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Overdose mortality rates reveal disparities in urban communities, with Hispanic and Black neighborhoods facing higher risks due to socioeconomic and health factors. Targeted interventions are crucial for effective opioid crisis harm reduction.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Urban Studies

Background:

  • Opioid crisis response often prioritizes overdose fatalities, overlooking overdose mortality rates (OMRs).
  • OMRs are key indicators of harm reduction effectiveness and resource allocation in urban settings.
  • Understanding community-level factors influencing OMRs is vital for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze overdose mortality ratios at the census tract level in Milwaukee from 2018-2021.
  • To identify neighborhoods with higher-than-predicted overdose mortality using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs).
  • To explore the socioeconomic and health factors associated with elevated overdose mortality risk.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized incident reports and mortality data (2018-2021).
  • Calculated overdose mortality ratios at the census tract level.
  • Employed Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation for SMRs and geospatial/spatiotemporal analyses to identify hotspots.

Main Results:

  • Overdose mortality was highest in Hispanic and lowest in White communities.
  • Areas with unfavorable SMRs were predominantly Black or Hispanic, younger, less employed, poorer, less educated, with higher incarceration and worse health.
  • Identified overdose hotspots characterized by non-White populations, poverty, lower education, poorer health, higher incarceration, and housing instability.

Conclusions:

  • Overdose mortality rates significantly vary across urban communities, reflecting racial disparities.
  • Socioeconomic, health, and incarceration factors are strongly linked to increased overdose mortality risk.
  • A framework is needed to identify vulnerable communities and guide tailored opioid crisis responses.