Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

283
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
283
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

948
The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
948
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

523
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
523
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

1.6K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
1.6K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

646
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
646
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

44.0K
Overview
44.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The effect of spatial boundaries on memory in a virtual environment.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same author

Individually Ventilated Cages Severely Attenuate Inter-Cage Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats.

Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS·2025
Same author

Inflammation in Schizophrenia: The Role of Disordered Oscillatory Mechanisms.

Cells·2025
Same author

Maternal immune activation alters bout structure of rat 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations.

Behavioural brain research·2025
Same author

Sex-dependent effects of rat maternal immune activation on motor function in offspring of poly I:C treated rats.

Behavioural brain research·2025
Same author

A Risk Factor for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Induces Marked Long-Term Anatomical Changes at GABAergic-Dopaminergic Synapses in the Rat Ventral Tegmental Area.

International journal of molecular sciences·2024
Same journal

Prenatal Exposure to High- but Not Low-Molecular-Weight Poly(I:C) Produces Selective Sociability Deficits in Offspring.

Behavioural brain research·2026
Same journal

Understanding vulnerability through variability: a longitudinal twin study linking sex differences in neurodiversity, neurodevelopment and X-linked genetic mechanisms.

Behavioural brain research·2026
Same journal

Hippocampal plasticity predicts behavioral lateralization and stress resilience in laying hen chicks.

Behavioural brain research·2026
Same journal

Effects of retatrutide on learning and memory in streptozotocin-induced male diabetic rats.

Behavioural brain research·2026
Same journal

Bacopa-enriched formulation enhances memory and synaptic plasticity in a rat model of vascular dementia.

Behavioural brain research·2026
Same journal

Prior exposure to methylphenidate attenuates ethanol-induced conditioned place preference in zebrafish.

Behavioural brain research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2025

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
09:09

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

1.6K

Sequence learning following maternal immune activation.

Tallulah-May R Patterson1, Rebecca E A Dunn1, David K Bilkey1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.

Behavioural Brain Research
|January 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal immune activation (MIA) in rats did not impair simple sequence learning but revealed behavioral inflexibility and altered habituation. These findings suggest MIA may impact cognitive flexibility relevant to schizophrenia.

Keywords:
BehavioralMIARecognitionReversal-learningSchizophreniaSequence

More Related Videos

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C
07:13

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C

Published on: March 25, 2016

18.3K
Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface
07:51

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Published on: May 21, 2015

17.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2025

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
09:09

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using PolyI:C to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

1.6K
Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C
07:13

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic PolyI:C

Published on: March 25, 2016

18.3K
Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface
07:51

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Published on: May 21, 2015

17.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Maternal immune activation (MIA) is linked to schizophrenia risk.
  • Schizophrenia is associated with deficits in sequential memory and stimulus order recall.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if MIA induces deficits in sequence learning and object-place recency memory in rats.
  • To assess cognitive flexibility and habituation processes in MIA-exposed animals.

Main Methods:

  • Rats underwent MIA or were controls.
  • Experiment 1: Assessed sequence learning in a cued nose-poke task.
  • Experiment 2: Evaluated temporal ordering of spatial locations (TOSL) and habituation.

Main Results:

  • MIA rats learned structured sequences similarly to controls but showed less behavioral flexibility when sequences changed.
  • MIA rats did not exhibit a significant novelty preference in the TOSL task compared to controls.
  • MIA rats showed altered exploration patterns and habituation over time in the TOSL task.

Conclusions:

  • MIA does not impair basic sequence learning but affects cognitive flexibility and habituation.
  • Behavioral changes in MIA animals may relate to altered habituation rates or response inflexibility.
  • Findings provide insights into potential neurodevelopmental mechanisms underlying schizophrenia risk.