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Development and Preliminary Validation of a Novel Instrument to Assess Re-Injury Associated Anxiety Following
Mugilan Ravi1,2, Nitesh Tewari1, Vijay Prakash Mathur1
1Division of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
Background/Aim:
An injury sustained during sports activity can lead to the development of reinjury anxiety and hamper performance. Although tools exist to assess re-injury anxiety, a domain of interest in the field of sports medicine, research in the psychological impact of an orofacial injury is rudimentary. The present study envisaged to develop an instrument to assess the presence of reinjury anxiety following orofacial and dental injury in boxers aged between 10 and 16 years.
Methods:
In Phase 1, items were generated following literature search and focus-group discussions (FGD). In Phase 2, a group discussion was conducted with three experienced boxing coaches to assess face validity, followed by two rounds of scrutiny by expert groups to assess the content validity through the content-validity-index (CVI), respectively. In Phase 3, the modified tool was pre-tested on an independent sample of young boxers. Finally, in Phase 4, to determine dimensionality, the modified tool was administered to 183 young boxers and their responses were subject to an exploratory factor analysis through Principal component analysis, followed by Promax rotation to determine the factor loading. Internal consistency reliability was measured through calculation of Cronbach's-alpha.
Results:
From the 29-items devised initially, the tool was sequentially modified. Analysis of the responses by the second expert group, an average Scale-level-CVI of 0.9 and Universal agreement of 0.526 was obtained, which resulted in the inclusion of 20 items for the final phase of the study. From the factor analysis, the items were found to fit to a five-factor structure, which explained 56.4% of the variance in the constructs. Internal consistency of the tool was measured to be 0.74.
Conclusion:
A 10-item oral re-injury anxiety scale for young boxers (ORAS-YB) tool was developed. It was found to have high face and content validity, and acceptable reliability. Further research with a larger sample is required to confirm the factor structure and determine test-retest reliability of the developed tool.
