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Related Concept Videos

The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

The Cell Cycle Control System

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The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
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Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.
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Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
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Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division01:27

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Several external and internal factors influence the initiation and inhibition of cell division. For instance, the death of nearby cells or the release of human growth hormone (hGH) promotes cell division. In contrast, lack of hGH or crowding of cells can inhibit cell division.
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Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Updated: Jun 1, 2025

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols
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Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

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Human REXO4 is Required for Cell Cycle Progression.

Kevin M Clutario1, Mai Abdusamad1, Ivan Ramirez1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|January 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human REXO4, an exonuclease overexpressed in cancers, is crucial for cell proliferation. Its depletion causes cell cycle arrest and reduced viability, highlighting its role in ribosome biogenesis and cancer progression.

Keywords:
REXO4RNA exonucleasecell cyclecell divisionrRNAribosome biogenesis

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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Human REXO4 is an understudied exonuclease frequently overexpressed in various human cancers.
  • Its precise role in cellular proliferation and cancer development remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the function of REXO4 in relation to cell cycle progression and viability.
  • To characterize REXO4's subcellular localization, regulation, and protein interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Multidisciplinary approaches including cell cycle analysis, subcellular localization studies, protein-protein interaction assays, and gene/protein depletion experiments.
  • Investigated REXO4's dependence on specific sequences (N-terminal nucleolar localization sequence) and proteins (Ki67) for localization.
  • Analyzed REXO4's association network and functional impact on rRNA metabolism.

Main Results:

  • REXO4 localizes to the nucleolus during interphase (dependent on NLS) and the perichromosomal layer of mitotic chromosomes (dependent on Ki67).
  • Depletion of REXO4 resulted in a G1/S cell cycle arrest and decreased cell viability.
  • REXO4 was found to associate with ribosome components and proteins involved in rRNA metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • REXO4 plays a critical role in regulating cell cycle progression and viability.
  • The findings suggest REXO4 is essential for proper rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis.
  • REXO4's function in rRNA metabolism is vital for cell proliferation, making it a potential target in cancer therapy.