Design and fabrication of 1D nanomaterials for electromagnetic wave absorption

The design and fabrication of high-performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials are essential in developing electronic communication technology for defense and civilian applications. These materials function by interacting with EMWs, creating various effects such as polarization relaxation, magnetic resonance, and magnetic hysteresis in order to absorb EMWs. Significant progress has been made to improve the dimensional performance of such materials, emphasizing the 'thin, light, broad, and strong' functional specifications. One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures are characterized by high surface area, low density, and unique electromagnetic properties, providing promising solutions to address some of the challenges in facilitating multiple reflections and wideband resonances, which are crucial for effective EMW attenuation. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in exploring 1D structures for enhancing EMW absorption and their controllability. The design and fabrication of nanofibers, nanowires, and other 1D nanostructures are highlighted. The advantages of 1D nanomaterials in EMW absorption are also described. Challenges and future directions are discussed, focusing on developing new design concepts and fabrication methods for achieving high-performance and lightweight EMW absorbers and enhancing fundamental understanding of EMW absorption mechanisms.