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Updated: Jun 1, 2025
A Fibrin-Enriched and tPA-Sensitive Photothrombotic Stroke Model
Published on: June 4, 2021
[Biomarkers of atherothrombotic and cardioembolic subtypes of acute ischemic stroke]
A M Tynterova1, E R Barantsevich2, N N Shusharina1
1Imannuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia.
Insights
This study identified specific biomarkers for different ischemic stroke subtypes. Atherothrombotic stroke showed elevated endothelin-1 (ET-1), CCL2, and CCL15, while cardioembolic stroke had increased IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL13.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Immunology
- Neurology
Context:
- Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of disability and mortality.
- Understanding the distinct pathophysiological mechanisms of IS subtypes, such as atherothrombotic (AT) and cardioembolic (CE), is crucial for targeted treatment.
- CC-chemokines and stable metabolites of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are implicated in inflammatory and vascular processes relevant to IS.
Purpose:
- To evaluate and compare the concentrations of specific CC-chemokines and stable metabolites of NO and ET-1 in patients with acute AT and CE subtypes of IS.
- To identify potential biomarkers differentiating AT and CE stroke subtypes and indicating IS severity.
Summary:
- Sixty IS patients (30 AT, 30 CE) and 20 controls were analyzed for serum levels of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-16, IFN-γ), CC-chemokines (CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13, CCL15, CCL23), and ET-1.
- CE stroke patients exhibited higher NIHSS scores, BMI, lesion size, and multifocal lesions.
- Elevated IFN-γ and IL-16 were observed in both IS groups compared to controls. Specific markers like ET-1, CCL2, and CCL15 were elevated in AT (Group 1), while IL-1β, IL-6, CCL8, and CCL23 were elevated in CE (Group 2).
Impact:
- Cytokines CCL23, IL-6, IL-16, IL-1β, and IFN-γ may serve as indicators of IS severity.
- CCL2, CCL15, and ET-1 are identified as potential regulators of atherogenesis and biomarkers for the AT subtype of IS.
- IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL13 could be markers for atrial fibrillation complications in IS, highlighting the need for further multicenter studies on chemokine and metabolite biomarkers.
Objective:
To evaluate the concentrations of CC-chemokines and stable metabolites of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in patients with atherothrombotic (AT) and cardioembolic (CE) subtypes of ischemic stroke (IS) in the acute period.
Material And Methods:
Sixty patients diagnosed with IS in the carotid basin were examined. Group 1 included 30 patients with AT, group 2 - 30 patients with CE subtype of IS. The control group consisted of 20 age-matched patients without a history of stroke. All patients were assessed on admission for functional status using the Barthel Index (BI), the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Neuroimaging parameters were assessed using CT/MRI data. Laboratory diagnostics included assessment of serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-16, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), CC-chemokines (CCL2, CCL-7, CCL8, CCL13, CCL15, CCL23) and stable metabolites of NO and ET-1.
Results:
All patients with IS had moderate stroke severity scores according to NIHSS, BI and mRS. Analysis of the indices of the main clinical scales revealed.
Abstract:
higher NIHSS scores, the prevalence of body mass index (BMI), the size of IS foci and the presence of multifocal lesions in patients of group 2. Compared with the control group, a significant increase of IFN- γ and IL-16 was noted in patients of both groups; ET-1, CCL2 and CCL15 were elevated in group 1; IL-1β, IL-6, CCL8 and CCL23 - in group 2. A comparative analysis between groups revealed higher concentrations of ET-1, CCL2 and CCL15 in group 1 and the increase of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-16 and CCL13 in group 2.
Conclusion:
The results allow considering cytokines CCL23, IL-6, IL-16, IL-1β and IFN-γ as indicators of IS severity; CCL2, CCL15 and ET-1 as important regulators of atherogenesis and indicators of the AT subtype of IS; IL-1β, IL-6 and CCL13 as markers of complications of atrial fibrillation. The findings indicate the necessity of multicentre studies with a large sample size to determine the potential value of CCR1/CCR2 chemokines and stable metabolites as biomarkers of course of different IS subtypes.
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